JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH

TOWARD A CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS ERGONOMICS: HUMAN FACTORS IN INTELLIGENT WAREHOUSE SYSTEMS

Yordanka Yankova-Yordanova — 2026-11-06

Digitalisation and automation have transformed warehouse operations, but they have not removed the human operator from the logistics system. Instead, warehouse work increasingly combines physical handling with digital instructions, time pressure, exception management and interaction with intelligent technologies. This conceptual paper develops logistics ergonomics as an engineering-logistics perspective that considers physical workload, cognitive workload, the technological environment, work organisation and logistics performance within a single analytical frame. The study synthesises established ergonomic methods and recent warehouse research and proposes a preliminary Logistics-Ergonomics Risk Indicator (LERI), implemented as a four-domain screening profile for identifying operations that warrant deeper ergonomic assessment. LERI is not presented as a validated risk scale and is not intended to replace RULA, REBA, NASA-TLX, the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation or other specialised methods. The framework is intended to connect human-factor analysis with warehouse design and operational decision making and to provide a basis for subsequent expert validation and empirical testing.

HYBRID SPARE-PARTS LOGISTICS IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS: A 3S MODEL FOR STORE, SOURCE, OR SYNTHESIZE DECISIONS

Yordanka Yankova-Yordanova — 2026-11-06

Spare-parts availability is a critical condition for technical continuity in production, transport and other engineering systems. Traditional inventory strategies provide rapid response but may create high holding costs, obsolescence and tied capital, whereas external sourcing introduces lead-time dependence. Additive manufacturing adds a third option by enabling selected components to be produced on demand from digital data. This conceptual paper develops a hybrid decision framework that combines these alternatives in a 3S model: Store, Source, Synthesize. The model evaluates spare parts according to criticality, supply lead time, downtime cost, demand frequency, additive-manufacturing feasibility, material and quality requirements, legal and warranty constraints, and lifecycle economics. The study synthesizes peer-reviewed research on additive manufacturing in spare-parts supply chains and positions 3D printing as a selective logistics option rather than a universal substitute for physical inventory. The resulting framework is intended for preliminary classification and decision support; it requires organisation-specific validation before quantitative thresholds are introduced.

EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS: FROM THE HUMANIZATION OF INDUSTRY 5.0 TO THE BIO-DIGITAL SYMBIOTIC INDUSTRY 6.0

Nikolai Nedev — 2026-11-06

At the beginning of the 21st century, the world witnessed the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), which laid the foundations for digitalization, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Despite undeniable technological successes, Industry 4.0 faced criticism for its "technocentricity" a model in which machine efficiency often took precedence over human well-being and ecological balance.

SCENARIO-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING A HYBRID ACCESS CONTROL METHOD IN UNIVERSITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Radostin Lefterov — 2026-11-06

This paper presents a scenario-based methodology for evaluating a hybrid access control method intended for university information systems. The proposed approach combines role-based and attribute-based access control with contextual information, SIEM and EDR signals, and dynamic risk assessment. A structured set of ten evaluation scenarios is defined for student, lecturer, and administrative access, including normal conditions, insufficient permissions, changed context, increased risk, and critical security situations. The methodology also defines comparative criteria for examining the expected behaviour of traditional RBAC, RBAC combined with ABAC, and the proposed hybrid method. The presented scenarios do not represent completed experimental results, but provide a consistent basis for subsequent implementation and validation in a controlled university information system environment.

EVALUATING AN INTERACTIVE LECTURE MODEL FOR TEACHING COMPLEX NUMBERS: A COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION

Valentina Todorova-Lazarova — 2026-11-06

In this paper, an interactive lecture model for teaching complex numbers through coordinated algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric representations is examined. Two existing groups of first-year engineering students received traditional (n = 17) or interactive instruction (n = 24). A common post-test was administered immediately after the 45-minute lecture, followed by a questionnaire in the interactive group.
A higher overall mean score was obtained by the interactive group (5.92 versus 4.12 out of 10; p = 0.035, Hedges’ g = 0.66). For the six conversion and coordination questions, the difference was not statistically significant (3.38 versus 2.47 out of 6; p = 0.117). Higher performance was also observed on within-representation questions; therefore, a representation-specific advantage was not established. Attention and active involvement were generally reported, while understanding of relationships among representations was less consistently endorsed.
Higher immediate achievement was associated with interactive instruction. Causal conclusions and evidence of lasting differences are limited by non-random group assignment and assessment after a single lecture.

IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECTS IN QGIS FROM AN ORTHOPHOTOMOSAIC COMPOSED BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Nikolay Zhelyazkov — 2026-11-06

Orthophotomosaics are among the main outputs of processed photogrammetric surveys. By analyzing their elements, we can determine geometric parameters of objects of interest for certain tasks in applied geodesy, geomorphology, agronomy, forestry, ecology, construction, etc.

IMPLEMENTATION OF VULNERABILITY WEB SCANNERS IN THE COMPUTER NETWORKS

Petar Boyanov — 2026-11-06

In this scientific article implementation of vulnerability web scanners in the computer networks is presented. The article focuses on web vulnerability scanning and how it can find weaknesses in locally tested web servers. Two scans on the web servers running on the victim and attacking computers were performed.

DUAL-QUEUE SCHEDULING AND AN ENGINEERING DELAY BOUND UNDER OVERLOAD

Dragomir Vasilev — 2026-11-06

One shared queue under overload is considered. Seven of every ten extractions are taken from the tail and three from the head. An engineering upper bound on the wait of jobs removed from the head is derived for a sustained hybrid and a constant share θ. With eight servers, mean service 40 ms and a full buffer of 1000 jobs, the bound is about 16.7 s and sits above a 3 s threshold. A 10 Hz guard is therefore included in the sizing: it replaces LIFO with the hybrid when the head has waited more than 3 s. A measured P99 is not reported.

IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF WATER TANK LEVEL CONTROL

Hristo Hadzhiivanov — 2026-11-06

Water resources management has always been important, especially in the recent decades. Automatic methods for regulating tank levels have existed since ancient times; however, modern automatic control systems are completely different.
A primary aim in industrial control is achieving maximum reliability at minimum cost. This article presents a method for regulating tank levels using various control devices (PLC, HMI, etc.), aiming to achieve superior control with a minimal number of components.

COMPLIANCE OF VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS WITH PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS: ANALYSIS OF PROVIDER PRACTICES

Deyan Ivanov — 2026-11-06

Video surveillance is widely used as a security measure, but its operation is directly associated with the processing of personal data and the need to comply with data protection requirements. This paper analyzes the main criteria for assessing the compliance of video surveillance systems with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the applicable national legislation, with particular emphasis on their practical implementation by companies operating in the video surveillance sector. An exploratory survey was conducted among representatives of six companies to examine the existence of internal policies, the technical protection measures applied, the organization of access to video data, staff training, and the main difficulties encountered in meeting personal data protection requirements. The results are interpreted as indicative of the surveyed group and reveal both positive practices and gaps in organizational preparedness and the implementation of compliance measures. On this basis, guidelines are formulated for improving personal data protection in the use of video surveillance systems.

AN OVERVIEW OF NETWORK ADDRESS AND PROTOCOL MESSAGE SPOOFING ATTACKS

Dimitar Iliev — 2026-11-06

Network protocols use addresses and control messages to exchange data and establish communication between devices. When this information is not properly verified, attackers can replace it with false information. This paper presents an overview of IP spoofing, MAC spoofing, NDP spoofing, and DNS spoofing. It explains how these attacks work, what conditions they require, and how they can affect network security. Their connection with man-in-the-middle attacks is also discussed. The paper compares basic protective measures, including source address filtering, port security, protection of IPv6 discovery messages, DNSSEC, and encrypted communication with proper authentication. The review shows why different spoofing attacks require different protection measures and why network addresses alone should not be treated as proof of identity.

EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF LAYER 2 ATTACK VECTORS: ARP/DNS SPOOFING AND MITM

Denis Zvezdelinov — 2026-11-06

This report examines the security of the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model, focusing on fundamental vulnerabilities in core local communication protocols. It addresses the concept of "implicit trust" inherent in the design of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Domain Name System (DNS), which enables Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks. The report analyzes the theoretical mechanisms of ARP cache poisoning and DNS spoofing. Network traffic was intercepted and subjected to forensic analysis through controlled simulations in an isolated laboratory environment. Key packet-level Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) were identified, including duplicate MAC addresses, an anomalous frequency of unsolicited ARP responses (Gratuitous ARP), and unusually low DNS resolution response times. In conclusion, architectural and software-based protective measures are outlined, including the implementation of Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI), Port Security, and encrypted DNS protocols (DoH/DoT).

CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR GENDER PREDICTION BASED ON USER INPUT

Valentin Atanasov — 2026-11-06

The present study examines an approach to the synthesis of a conceptual model for gender prediction based on user input. The predictive capability of the model is grounded in statistical differences observed within specific datasets and in the applicability of a machine-learning classification model. The predictive analysis is governed by a set of parameters, including language, the specifications of the peripheral input device, sample size, and biological indicators. It should be noted that reliable classification of a user's gender is a function of predefined key indicators.

APPROACH TO MODELING PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY YIELD USING CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS

Iliyana Ivanova — 2026-11-06

Photovoltaic energy yield varies in response to changes in meteorological conditions. The main factors affecting the amount of electricity generated include solar irradiance and air temperature, as well as seasonal and daily variations. This paper examines the relationships between these factors and photovoltaic energy yield and presents an approach to modeling those using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials. The main input variables, data-preprocessing steps, and structure of the approximation model are defined.

TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES TO THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SPECIAL INTELLIGENCE MEANS

Donika Dimanova — 2026-11-06

The development of information and communication technologies is significantly transforming the environment in which special intelligence means are used. Encrypted communications, virtual private networks, and anonymization technologies limit the effectiveness of traditional methods, while big data analytics, automated processing, and artificial intelligence create new analytical opportunities. The paper examines the impact of the digital environment on the effectiveness of special intelligence means, the role of traffic data, and the possibilities for technological development while ensuring legality and the protection of fundamental rights.

CONTEMPORARY TRANSFORMATIONS OF ILLICIT DRUG TRAFFICKING: SECURITY RISKS, CRIMINAL NETWORKS AND CHALLENGES FOR BULGARIA

Tsvetelina Metodieva — 2026-11-06

The article examines illicit trafficking of narcotic substances as a multidimensional transnational security threat, with particular emphasis on the Bulgarian context. The research systematizes the conceptual, legal and institutional foundations of drug control and analyses the interaction between transnational trafficking flows, domestic distribution and production, adaptive criminal networks and emerging technological channels. The analysis covers the international and European regulatory framework, the security dimensions of drug trafficking, the role of precursors and new psychoactive substances, synthetic opioids, maritime and land routes, and the digitalization of retail distribution. Particular attention is devoted to selected Bulgarian indicators for 2024–2025 and to the implications of these developments for administrative capacity, interinstitutional coordination and risk management. The study argues, on the basis of the analysed source material, that seizures and criminal-case statistics alone do not adequately capture the security dimension of the phenomenon. A more comprehensive perspective requires assessment of vulnerabilities along the entire criminal supply chain and integration of law-enforcement, customs, judicial, financial, technological, health and preventive capacities.

CYBERSECURITY IN MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATIONS – RISKS, VULNERABILITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING RESILIENCE

Iliana Simeonova — 2026-11-06

This paper examines cybersecurity in municipal administrations as a key component of administrative security and sustainable functioning of public services. The main cyber threats, vulnerabilities and factors affecting the level of protection of information resources are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the management and assessment of cyber risk, the protection of critical information assets and the role of the human factor. An author's Model 5K for municipal cyber resilience has been developed, combining identification, assessment, protection, monitoring and resilience. The proposed approaches are aimed at incident prevention, effective response and restoration of municipal information systems and services.

DISINFORMATION AS A SOCIAL THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY (IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR)

Iliana Simeonova — 2026-11-06

The article examines disinformation as an essential social factor influencing national security in the modern world. In the context of digitalization and rapid dissemination of information, disinformation is becoming a powerful tool for influencing public attitudes, trust in institutions and the stability of the state.
The article analyzes the main characteristics and mechanisms of disinformation, as well as its social, political and psychological effects. The relationship between disinformation and the processes of public polarization, reducing trust in state institutions and creating a sense of insecurity among citizens is examined.
Special emphasis is placed on the manifestations of disinformation in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war, where information warfare plays a key role alongside traditional military operations. It analyzes how different countries use media and digital platforms to spread propaganda narratives and influence the international and domestic public environment.

INFLUENCE OF FAMILY SUPPORT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDES - A CASE FROM BULGARIA

Daniel Pavlov — 2026-11-06

This report examines the dynamics between the perceived support from one’s immediate social circle and the degree of personal autonomy in decision-making and the undertaking of new initiatives. Based on quantitative research (using a 5-point Likert scale among 645 respondents from Bulgaria in 2025 and 2026), the study analyzes attitudes regarding exclusive trust, emotional confidence, and the need for external approval. The results reveal a pattern of „supported autonomy“, wherein high levels of psychological security and acceptance do not lead to complete individual independence, but rather to a form of regulated social interdependence. The study’s design incorporates methodological controls to validate the reliability of the findings.

Content of vol. 31, 2026, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2026-11-06

Content of vol. 31, 2026, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

HUMAN-ROBOT COORDINATION IN INTELLIGENT WAREHOUSE SYSTEMS: AN ENGINEERING LOGISTICS MODEL FOR TASK ALLOCATION

Yordanka Yankova-Yordanova — 2026-11-05

Intelligent warehouses increasingly operate as mixed sociotechnical environments in which human operators, autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), information systems and material flows interact in real time. The central engineering question is therefore not whether robots should replace humans, but how tasks should be allocated so that operational performance improves without creating unacceptable physical, cognitive or safety burdens for workers. This conceptual study synthesizes recent research on human–robot collaboration in warehouses and proposes the HRT-A (Human-Robot Task Allocation) model. The model considers physical workload, cognitive complexity, safety relevance, spatial dynamics, urgency, the need for human judgement and expected logistics performance. It comprises five stages: task description, assessment of human workload, assessment of robotic suitability, selection of the executor and feedback. HRT-A is intended as a decision-support framework rather than as a validated optimization algorithm. Its contribution is to connect task allocation with human factors and warehouse performance while explicitly accounting for dynamic reassignment and responsibility when exceptions occur.

PARENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN KINDERGARTEN – SATISFACTION, TRUST, PARTNERSHIP, SHARED RESPONSIBILITY

Snezhanka Georgieva — 2026-11-05

This article examines the interaction between the family and the kindergarten as a key factor in early childhood development, socialization and emotional well-being. The kindergarten is analyzed as a dynamic social environment in which parents are positioned not as external consumers but as equal partners. Particular emphasis is placed on the transformation of relationships from a formal institutional level to a shared community and responsibility built on mutual trust and constructive dialogue. The study highlights the exploration of parental perspectives as an essential indicator of the quality of preschool education and as a tool for institutional reflection. In this context, the main objective of the present research is to provide an in-depth assessment of the quality of the communication process, the channels of information sharing, and the level of parental satisfaction. Parents and guardians participated in the survey, and their responses provide a rich empirical basis for analysis. The findings outline both the strengths of the established practices and the potential areas for further development of the dialogue between the institution and the home.

IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN SOFTWARE TOOL FOR CHECKING OPEN PORTS IN THE LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Petar Boyanov — 2026-11-05

In this scientific article implementation of modern software tool for checking open ports in the local area network is made. Various types of network scans for open ports in a controlled personal lab test environment were performed. Finding open ports helps network administrators identify possible security risks on network devices.

A PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR CHECKING THE LEVEL OF SECURITY IN THE USE OF PASSWORDS

Petar Boyanov — 2026-11-05

In this scientific article a practical implementation of software tools for checking the level of security in the use of passwords is shown. The article explains how password-cracking tools use hash values in a controlled laboratory environment without internet access. It also presents ways to create and protect strong passwords.

PASSIVE METHODS FOR NETWORK FORENSICS AND DEEP PACKET INSPECTION (DPI) IN LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

Denis Zvezdelinov — 2026-11-05

Network forensics is a critical element of the modern cybersecurity incident investigation process. Unlike active scanning methods, passive analysis enables the extraction of evidentiary material without modifying network traffic and without the risk of exposing the analysis station. This report examines the application of passive Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) methods within Local Area Network (LAN) environments. The focus is placed on the technological framework for Full Packet Capture (FPC), the chronological reassembly of TCP/IP sessions, and the decoding of transport and application-layer protocol structures. By utilizing open-source software tools (tcpdump, Wireshark, TShark), the full cycle of forensic analysis is demonstrated – ranging from the generation of raw .pcap datasets to the extraction of Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) and the reconstruction of transferred files. The report outlines key methodological recommendations for preserving the integrity of digital evidence and analyzes the challenges arising from the widespread adoption of encrypted protocols (TLS/HTTPS).

INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT OF LIMITED FUNCTIONALITY MODE UNDER SENSOR FAILURES IN AUTOMATED SECURITY SYSTEMS

Desislava Ivanova — 2026-11-05

Modern automated physical security systems rely on interconnected sensors to monitor conditions and changes in the physical environment. Reliable system operation depends on sensor availability, the trustworthiness of the acquired data, and the relevance of each information source to the function being performed. This paper presents a conceptual model for maintaining limited functionality under partial sensor failure by assessing the functional suitability of the available sensor configuration. The resulting assessment is used to determine the permissible level of automation, while an anomaly indicator is introduced to account for unusual combinations of events.

SOFTWARE MODEL OF MOBILE INTERACTIVE USER DEVICE IN UWB NETWORK

Valentin Atanasov — 2026-11-05

The present paper represents a subsequent step in the modeling phase of the new software model for a UWB wireless interactive sensor system, presented in a previous study, which employs precise local positioning for spatial orientation. Using tools, a software model of a key component of the considered wireless interactive sensor system is developed. The program constructs presented below provide, in a generalized form, an approach to the synthesis of a logical model of a Mobile Interactive User Device (MIUD), which is a component of the aforementioned system, during the design phase following its mathematical modeling. The fundamental principles of the MIUD model defining its functionality are presented.

INVESTIGATION OF DETERMINISTIC NETWORK ARCHITECTURES FOR CRITICAL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Daniel Denev — 2026-11-05

Modern industrial automation systems increasingly rely on network communication for the exchange of time-critical information between sensors, controllers, actuators, robots, and supervisory systems. In conventional Ethernet networks, communication delays, packet loss, congestion, and variable latency can make it difficult to guarantee predictable system behavior. These limitations become particularly important in critical industrial applications, where communication failures or excessive delays may affect production processes, equipment safety, and system availability. Deterministic network architectures address these challenges by providing predictable communication latency, low jitter, accurate time synchronization, traffic prioritization, and mechanisms for redundancy and fault tolerance. Technologies such as Time-Sensitive Networking, EtherCAT, PROFINET, and OPC UA have become important components of modern industrial communication architectures. This report investigates the main principles of deterministic networking and examines the characteristics of several technologies used in industrial environments. Particular attention is given to latency, synchronization, reliability, scalability, and security. The analysis demonstrates that deterministic networking provides an important foundation for the integration of real-time control, industrial automation, and emerging Industrial Internet of Things applications.

INTELLIGENT HEAT SOURCE SELECTION UNDER STREAMING DATA QUALITY AND OPERATIONAL RISK CONSTRAINTS

Milen Davidkov — 2026-11-05

This paper proposes a quality-aware decision model for selecting heat sources in an integrated thermal-energy system. The method combines technical, economic and environmental utility with the quality of streaming measurements and an FMEA-based operational-risk penalty. A source is selected only after critical data-quality constraints are satisfied; otherwise, the algorithm requests redundant confirmation or activates a validated safe mode. A reproducible computational experiment with five heat-source alternatives and five disturbance scenarios compares the proposed method with a quality-blind baseline. Under normal conditions both methods select the same source. Under delayed, drifting, lost and combined data disturbances, the proposed model rejects the unreliable nominal optimum and selects an alternative with verifiable input data. The model therefore links data-quality assessment directly to an explainable operational decision rather than treating it as a separate monitoring task.

INTERNET TRAFFIC ANALYSIS WITH QOS POLICY

Dimitar Iliev — 2026-11-05

The present study presents an analysis of Internet traffic captured using Wireshark during a file download, before and after the application of a data prioritization condition. The condition is configured on a router through which the data traffic passes to the client device - a desktop computer. The main objective is to examine the quantitative characteristics of the recorded traffic and to compare individual groups of data using statistical indicators and numerical relationships. The analysis covers the total number of packets, capture duration, volume of transferred data, average packet size, packet rate, average bitrate, protocol structure, dominant communication flows. The results show that the examined data consist almost entirely of TCP-based Internet traffic and a single primary secure client–server communication session. At the same time, differences are observed in terms of the temporal concentration of traffic, and the average intensity of the exchange. The results from the comparison aim to assist the analysis of the effect from prioritizing Internet traffic to a specific device, achieved through a Quality of Service algorithm, with the aim of improving transmission efficiency.

SURFACE MODELING

Sabin Ivanov — 2026-11-05

The article introduces us to the types of surfaces, the types of data needed to model these surfaces. The methods for interpolation and modeling of different types of surfaces are also considered.

EVALUATION OF THE QUALITIES OF LAMBERTIAN AND GAUSSIAN PROJECTIONS

Evgeni Stoykov — 2026-11-05

One of the important characteristics of a projection is the scale factor m of the image, which is a measure of the deformation of the projection and generally depends on the location and direction.

TYPES OF SPECIALIZED MAPS AND REGISTERS IN INVESTMENT PROJECT DESIGN

Mirem Niyazi-Yusuf — 2026-11-05

Specialized maps and registers are an important source of spatial and thematic information in spatial planning and investment project design. The aim of this study is to systematize the main types of specialized maps and registers used in the surveying, design, construction, and operation of investment projects. The study examines specialized maps and registers related to real properties, technical infrastructure, perennial crops, surface waters, subsurface natural resources, terrain, and sites and territories subject to special legal regimes. Examples of the visualization of technical infrastructure data through the Geographic Information System of Shumen Municipality are also presented. The analysis highlights the importance of specialized maps and registers for providing up-to-date and spatially referenced information for the preparation and implementation of investment projects.

APPLICATION OF POLYNOMIAL TRANSFORMATION IN GEOREFERENCE OF GRAPHIC CADASTRAL PLANS

Ivan Ivanov — 2026-11-05

Polynomial transformation is a classic mathematical tool in geodesy, used to convert coordinates between different reference systems. It is mainly used in cases where the exact geometric or physical model of the relationship between the systems is unknown, as well as in the presence of significant local deformations in the source data. In practice, this method is used in: transformation between coordinate systems (including local), approximation of heights when creating geoid models, localization in GNSS measurements, as well as in specific tasks in photogrammetry and laser scanning. One of its most widespread applications remains the georeferencing of raster images.
This paper investigates the specifics of applying polynomial transformation for georeferencing purposes. The main emphasis is placed on the dependence of the results on the configuration and the number of control points used. An analysis is made and recommendations are formulated for their optimal distribution on the image. The mathematical requirement for uniform grid coverage in a minimum of n+1 columns and rows (where n is the degree of the polynomial) is justified as a condition for avoiding singularity. Additionally, the negative effects of the collinearity of the control points on the computational stability are considered, as well as the approaches for identifying the Runge phenomenon (appearance of high-amplitude oscillations) in the extrapolation zones along the boundaries of the transformed range.

INFORMATION SECURITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION: ANALYSIS OF RISKS AND EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES

Donika Dimanova — 2026-11-05

The digitalization of administrative and academic processes in higher education institutions increases their dependence on information systems while simultaneously creating new risks to the security of processed information. The paper analyzes the main information security risks in university administration and presents the results of a survey conducted among employees of a higher education institution. Particular attention is given to the human factor, the protection practices applied, perceived cyber risks, and the need for additional organizational and technical measures. Based on the results obtained, guidelines are formulated for enhancing information security and developing a stronger security culture within the university environment.

FINANCING DIGITAL ADMINISTRATIVE SECURITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Iliana Simeonova — 2026-11-05

The digital transformation of the public sector is changing the way state and local institutions provide administrative services, manage information and interact with citizens and businesses. At the same time, the importance of administrative security in the electronic environment and the need for sustainable financial provision of measures for the protection of information resources, digital infrastructure and administrative processes are growing. This report examines the financing of digital administrative security as an essential component of the modernization and sustainability of the public sector. The main sources of funding, the directions of investment, financial, administrative and technological challenges, as well as the opportunities for more efficient use of public resources are analyzed. Current European and national policies related to digital transformation, cybersecurity and data protection are considered. The need to move from project and reactive financing to a long-term investment model based on risk assessment, performance measurement and ensuring institutional sustainability is argued.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS AN ELEMENT OF NATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY IN A CHANGING GEOPOLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

Iliana Simeonova — 2026-11-05

The article examines the role of public administration as a key determinant of national resilience in the context of a rapidly changing geopolitical environment. The analysis focuses on contemporary security challenges such as armed conflicts, hybrid threats, cyber risks, energy insecurity, and disinformation campaigns. A conceptual framework is developed, linking public administration capacity with national resilience and security. The study highlights the increasing importance of institutional coordination, crisis management capacity, digital transformation, and strategic communication. The findings confirm that public administration is not only an implementing mechanism of state policies but also a central pillar of resilience and national security in conditions of systemic uncertainty.

THE ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES AS A TRANSNATIONAL SECURITY THREAT

Tsvetelina Metodieva — 2026-11-05

The article examines the illegal distribution of narcotic substances as a complex transnational threat to security. The analysis focuses on the legal and conceptual foundations of drug control, the international and European regulatory framework, the main dimensions of drug trafficking as a security threat, and contemporary trends in production, trafficking and use. Particular attention is paid to new psychoactive substances, precursors, synthetic opioids, digital distribution channels, maritime routes and the changing structure of organized criminal networks. The role of the national administrative capacity, interinstitutional coordination and international cooperation is emphasized. The analysis shows that effective counteraction cannot be reduced to police and criminal-law measures and requires an integrated, proactive and risk-oriented approach combining law enforcement, customs, judicial, health, social and preventive measures.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AS A TOOL FOR SPATIAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT

Donika Dimanova — 2026-11-05

The paper examines the application of geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool for spatial risk assessment and for supporting sustainable territorial management. The relevance of the topic stems from the growing need to analyze risk not only as a theoretical or statistical category, but also as a phenomenon with a clear spatial manifestation, related to specific territories, population, infrastructure, natural resources, and socio-economic activities. The study clarifies the relationship between the main components of risk - hazard, exposure, vulnerability, consequences, and response capacity - and the capabilities of GIS for their spatial representation and integrated analysis. Main GIS-based methods for risk assessment and risk mapping are discussed, including spatial overlay, buffer analysis, proximity analysis, terrain analysis, multi-criteria evaluation, thematic mapping, and scenario modeling. The importance of GIS as a decision support system in prevention, territorial planning, disaster management, critical infrastructure protection, and resource prioritization is emphasized. The main thesis is that geographic information systems transform risk from an abstract management category into spatially visible, measurable, and actionable information necessary for sustainable and evidence-based territorial management.

Content of vol. 30, 2026, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2026-11-05

Content of vol. 30, 2026, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

A NOVEL APPROACH TO DYNAMIC CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION IN THE TOR NETWORK FOR TRAFFIC ANONYMIZATION

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-17

This scientific article presents a new approach for dynamically configuring Tor circuits in response to real-time network conditions and potential threats. In contrast to the traditional static path selection used in Tor, the proposed method applies an adaptive algorithm that selects relay nodes according to both anonymity and performance criteria. The system was tested in simulated network environments under different adversarial scenarios. The results show a clear decrease in the likelihood of traffic correlation attacks when compared with the default Tor protocol. Overall, the approach offers a practical way to strengthen the anonymity and stability of the Tor network while maintaining acceptable performance levels.

DEVELOPMENT OF A COLOR PIXEL PROCESSING ALGORITHM FOR THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS SELF-EVALUATION MODEL

Valentin Atanasov — 2025-11-16

A series of studies establishes the foundation for the development of algorithms, the potential application of which will facilitate the practical implementation of a model based on the Big Five Personality Traits (BFPT). The creation of algorithmic code would provide a programming toolkit applicable across various domains of human activity, specifically for the expert evaluation of individual behavior. The proposed algorithm is grounded in classification based on color ranges (and by extension, personality types), implemented through programmatically defined coded logic. The fundamental steps of the algorithm's logic are outlined. For each personality trait — Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism — a set of reference HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) colors is redefined.

EVALUATION OF FORECASTING METHODS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF ACCURACY AND COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Iliyana Ivanova — 2025-11-16

Forecasting photovoltaic (PV) production is an essential component for the successful integration of renewable energy into electricity grids. In this paper, four main groups of methods are evaluated: statistical, physical, machine learning-based, and hybrid. An analysis is made in terms of accuracy, computational complexity and applicability using an evaluation scale. The results show that hybrid models appear particularly promising, as they combine the main strengths of the other approaches.

MODEL ARCHITECTURE AND PERSPECTIVES OF FEDERATED LEARNING FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BULGARIA

Desislava Ivanova — 2025-11-16

This paper presents a review of the application of Federated Learning (FL) in sustainable agriculture, with a specific focus on its potential integration within the Bulgarian agricultural sector. FL is a decentralized machine learning technology that enables multiple data sources to collaboratively train models without sharing raw data, thus preserving privacy and improving data security. The approach supports optimization of irrigation, fertilization, and pest control through locally adapted models and predictive analytics. The study analyzes the architecture, advantages, and limitations of FL, reviewing international case studies and exploring its relevance to Bulgarian conditions, such as regional climate variability and diverse soil types. Emphasis is placed on the potential role of FL in enhancing decision-making, reducing environmental impact, and supporting digital transformation in agriculture. Recommendations for implementation in Bulgarian farms and research institutions are also provided.

INDUSTRY 4.0+ AND THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE: TOWARD INTELLIGENT, FLEXIBLE, AND SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING

Dragomir Vasilev — 2025-11-16

The continuous evolution of industrial systems marks the transition from conventional automation toward intelligent, adaptive, and networked manufacturing ecosystems, collectively known as Industry 4.0. This transformation integrates cyber-physical systems (CPS), artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to create highly flexible, efficient, and responsive production environments. With the rapid advancement of 5G and the emerging 6G communication technologies, a new phase of industrial development—Industry 4.0+—is envisioned. This next-generation paradigm emphasizes ultra-low latency, machine-to-machine communication, predictive maintenance, and collaborative automation, enabling a fully connected and self-optimizing industrial environment. The paper explores the technological foundations, core principles, and practical implications of Industry 4.0+, focusing on wireless communication, motion control, AI-driven robotics, sustainability, and collective automation in the factory of the future.

EXPLAINING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION IN AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Desislava Ivanova — 2025-11-16

This paper provides a systematic review of approaches for integrating Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into educational Automated Information Systems (AIS). It categorizes XAI methods into post-hoc explanations, inherently interpretable models, hybrid approaches, and calibration/visualization techniques, analyzing their strengths, limitations, and applicability for tasks such as learner dropout prediction, early warning, and personalized mentoring. Practical examples illustrate the benefits and challenges of XAI adoption, including the trade-off between accuracy and interpretability, technical barriers, and privacy concerns. Future directions include role-adaptive explanations, visual and interactive interfaces, and standardized quality metrics for educational contexts.

BYPASSING DEFENSES THROUGH HUMAN MANIPULATION USING REVERSE TCP CONNECTIONS AND CUSTOM PAYLOADS

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-16

This article explores a sophisticated cyberattack method that bypasses technical defenses by targeting human psychology. Instead of attacking systems directly, this approach uses the Social Engineering Toolkit (SET) to create convincing deceptive campaigns that persuade users to inadvertently initiate the attack themselves. A key technical element involves generating a custom Meterpreter payload, which is programmed to establish a Reverse TCP connection. This creates a stealthy command and control channel by having the compromised system "call back" to an attacker-controlled server, granting remote access. Our work demonstrates how this powerful fusion of human manipulation and technical execution poses a significant threat that often evades conventional, technology-focused security measures.

A COMPREHENSIVE METHODOLOGY FOR NETWORK ASSET IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-16

This article presents a structured methodology for network asset discovery and mapping, combining both passive and active reconnaissance techniques. The framework strategically employs specialized tools, such as p0f for passive OS fingerprinting and Netdiscovery for initial host enumeration, to build a foundational network map while minimizing the risk of triggering alerts. Deeper information gathering is performed using the Dmitry toolkit, and Amap is applied for advanced service and application protocol detection on identified ports. The methodology is further enhanced through Etherape, which provides real-time visualization of network traffic, allowing correlation between observed flows and actively collected data. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of this integrated approach, showing a more complete and accurate network asset inventory compared to traditional, non-integrated tool usage.

AN INNOVATIVE MODEL FOR FORMING FINANCIAL LITERACY

Denitsa Zagorcheva-Koycheva — 2025-11-16

This scientific article presents an innovative model for the formation of financial literacy. The model is based on cognitive development, focusing on the contact environment with which children/individuals of different age groups interact. The model presents the understanding of money as a personal value, which should be formed in the relevant age range. Financial literacy, through upbringing and training, should be built on the basis of the cognitive development and mental capabilities of children and adults.

NATO'S ROLE IN A NON-MILITARY CRISIS

Mariela Antonova — 2025-11-16

The article analyzes NATO's role in managing non-military crises, emphasizing its adaptation to modern security challenges such as pandemics, natural disasters, and cyber threats. It outlines the strategic framework of NATO’s crisis management, its cooperation with the EU and the UN, and its increasing involvement in humanitarian and civil protection operations. The study argues that NATO’s approach reflects a transformation from a traditional defense alliance to a multidimensional security actor focused on resilience and stability.

CHALLENGES FACING MODERN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 4.0

Mariela Antonova — 2025-11-16

The article explores the challenges and opportunities facing modern mechanical engineering applications in the era of Industry 4.0. It analyzes the integration of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and additive manufacturing into the traditional production environment. Emphasis is placed on digital transformation, automation, and smart factory concepts, which redefine design, production, and maintenance processes. The paper also addresses human and organizational challenges, such as workforce upskilling, digital culture, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The discussion concludes with an outlook on Industry 5.0, focusing on human-centered innovation and sustainable manufacturing.

CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED SECURITY MANAGEMENT MODELS: ORGANIZATIONAL CHOICE AND STRATEGIC APPLICABILITY

Tsvetelina Metodieva — 2025-11-16

This study examines the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of centralized, decentralized, and hybrid security management models in contemporary organizations. Based on a comparative analysis and an organizational maturity-based approach, a framework for strategic model selection is proposed. The study highlights the importance of adaptability and integration between central control and local responsibility, especially in the context of modern cyber threats, globalization, and regulatory requirements [1,2].

CHALLENGES AND MEASURES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE SECURITY AT THE LOCAL LEVEL DURING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN CURRENCY UNIT (EURO) IN BULGARIA

Iliana Simeonova — 2025-11-16

The topic of administrative security at the local level during the introduction of the euro in Bulgaria examines the main challenges and measures that local authorities need to undertake for the successful integration of the new currency in the country. With the transition to the euro, Bulgaria will need to ensure not only technical and logistical readiness but also efficient administrative processes that guarantee the security of the financial system. In this context, potential risks such as inflation, uncontrolled price increases, and public dissatisfaction, as well as social barriers related to the population's adaptation to the new currency, are analyzed. Undertaking serious measures for training public employees, adapting information technologies, and ensuring transparency in financial operations will be crucial to overcoming these challenges. Additionally, it is important for local authorities to coordinate their actions with the private sector and financial institutions to ensure a smooth transition to the euro. The strategies and practices implemented at the local level will determine the success of the overall process and strengthen the country's economic stability in the long term.

CHALLENGES, EMERGING TRENDS, AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME GIS

Donika Dimanova — 2025-11-16

The paper examines the challenges, emerging trends, and future prospects for the development of real-time Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The first part analyzes the key challenges associated with the implementation and maintenance of such systems, including technical and infrastructural issues, data security and privacy, and the integration of heterogeneous data sources. The second part emphasizes future trends, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the advancement of 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud technologies, predictive analytics, as well as the expanded application of real-time GIS across various sectors, including healthcare, urban planning, energy, and agriculture. The main objective of the study is to outline the key directions for the development of real-time GIS and to highlight their importance for effective resource management, infrastructure oversight, and risk assessment in contemporary society.

NEW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Nikolay Yordanov — 2025-11-15

This text explores the nature, applications, and challenges of new digital technologies as a key driver of transformation in the modern economy and society.

The first chapter defines the concept of “digital technologies” and presents the main technological domains-artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, cloud computing, blockchain, and digital twins. Their core characteristics, such as scalability, network effects, and data-driven models, are highlighted.

The second chapter analyzes the application of digital technologies across different sectors-services, healthcare, and education-showing how they stimulate innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. The discussion also covers the broader socio-economic effects, including changes in the labor market and skills, digital inequality, and the digitalization of public services.

The third chapter outlines the main challenges of digital transformation: technological integration, lack of standardized frameworks, digital divides, and ethical and security concerns. Future research directions are identified, focusing on multi-level analysis, sustainability, measurement and methodological development, and the inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises and developing economies.

SYSTEM FOR SHIFT OPTIMIZATION THROUGH COGNITIVE FATIGUE: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Yordanka Yankova-Yordanova — 2025-11-15

This paper presents an innovative system for workforce scheduling and optimization that integrates quantitative analysis of operators’ cognitive fatigue. Traditional scheduling models focus on staff availability and minimum task coverage while neglecting the dynamic nature of the human factor [12]. The proposed method utilizes data from behavioral and biometric sensors, combined with machine learning algorithms, to predict the onset of critical cognitive fatigue. This enables proactive and dynamic redistribution of tasks and breaks to minimize human error, enhance safety [3], and maintain consistently high productivity levels. Simulation study results demonstrate a significant reduction in error risk compared to standard rotational schedules.

THE ROLE OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Anton Antonov — 2025-11-15

Reverse logistics is emerging as a key mechanism for implementing a circular economy and sustainable agriculture in the face of economic, social, and environmental challenges in the agricultural sector. This report analyzes the conceptual foundations of reverse logistics, its specifics, and its application in sustainable agriculture.

BASIC STANDARD ELEMENTS IN LOGISTICS

Andrey Bogdanov — 2025-11-15

The paper examines the relationship between standardization and logistics, through the application of the most - widely used methods for transporting goods by means of different transportation. It also deals with the issues of securing cargo, grippers for loading - unloading work and storage systems as parts of the logistic system.

PRESENT TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EARTH DEFORMATIONS USING DINSAR AND GNSS

Vesela Petrova — 2025-11-15

One of the significant problems facing Earth sciences is the quantitative description and analysis of the dynamics of the Earth's surface. A key requirement in solving this fundamental question is the precise determination of the displacements and deformations caused by various geodynamic processes of natural or anthropogenic origin.

In recent decades, Earth observation has become widely used in disaster risk management – including preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. Its role in disaster response is particularly valuable, as it provides critical information for researchers and decision-makers.

Earth observation is the collection of data about the planet through remote sensing technologies, which are often complemented by ground-based surveys. This approach has fundamentally changed the way we perceive the world, enabling timely and accurate mapping and monitoring of phenomena on a large scale.

An established method for continuous monitoring of earth deformations is the use of data from active radar remote sensing. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides information that serves as the basis for the construction of interferometric images (IFIs) by quantifying the displacements of the Earth's surface within a specified time interval using the technique of differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) by analysing the phase differences between radar images taken at different times.

INTEGRATION OF GNSS AND LASER SCANNING FOR IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF LARGE-SCALE GEODETIC MAPS

Nigyar Yankova — 2025-11-15

This paper examines the integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as an effective approach to enhance both the accuracy and spatial detail of geodetic measurements. The principles of each technology are presented, along with the advantages of their combined application in georeferencing, 3D modeling, and large-scale mapping.

SPECIALIZED MAPS AND REGISTERS – GENERAL APPROACHES TO THEIR CREATION

Mirem Niyazi-Yusuf — 2025-11-15

The article examines the main principles and approaches in the creation of specialized maps and registers. It highlights their role as tools for spatial analysis, planning, and management. The main stages of work are presented – from data collection and standardization to visualization and maintenance. Emphasis is placed on a systematic and standardized approach that ensures the accuracy, reliability, and interoperability of the data.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CADASTRAL AND SPECIALIZED MAPS AND REGISTERS

Andrey Ivanov — 2025-11-15

ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES FROM THE GLOBAL GEOPOTENTIAL MODELS EGM 2008 AND EIGEN- 6C4 WITH AVAILABLE GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN AN EXTREMELY MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF THE TERRITORY OF SOUTHWEST BULGARIA - RILA MOUNTAIN

Krasimira Kirilova — 2025-11-15

The subject of the study is the analysis of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and its comparison by comparing the Bouguer anomaly values from the global geopotential models (GGMs) EGM 2008 and EIGEN-6C4 with data from interpolated values of 46,121 points for the Rila Mountain region, in which GNSS/leveling measurements have been carried out. The Bouguer anomaly map gives a good idea of the subsurface density [7]. In mountainous areas, topographic effects completely dominate local variations in the gravity field, so it is necessary to introduce local topographic reductions to remove this dependence on height.

ERRORS WHEN USING TELESCOPIC SURVEY STAFF IN GEOMETRIC LEVELING

Ivan Ivanov — 2025-11-15

Geometric leveling is the most accurate method of determining the difference between two points used in surveying. By using calibrated equipment and applying the correct measurement methodology, accuracy can be achieved to a hundredth of a millimeter for individual measurement or to 0.2mm/km for double-run leveling. The equipment consists of a precision level (usually digital) and a surveying staff, which is often considered as auxiliary equipment, but in reality the surveying staff is no less important than the level itself [1]. Given the wear and tear and depreciation of the equipment, it should be periodically checked and, if necessary, calibrated. The results of the calibration allow correction of the raw data, and can also serve as a preliminary assessment and forecast of the achieved results.

STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL IMAGES

Velichka Peneva — 2025-11-15

Digital imaging is a key part of modern technology, finding application in almost every sphere of human activity – from medicine and science to the arts and communications. This technological process is part of the broader evolution of digitalization, which is going through significant stages of development based on innovations in computing technologies and optoelectronic systems.

DETERMINATION OF THE ANGULAR ACCURACY WHEN SETTING OUT THE CENTERS OF BRIDGE PIERS

Ani Stefanova — 2025-11-14

The article determines the angular accuracy when setting out the centers of bridge piers, based on a designed geodetic network where the location of the points on the shores is established to ensure the required setting out accuracy of all piers. Theoretical conclusions are carried out under the assumption that setting out of the piers is performed directly by linear-angular measurements from 2 reference points. Strict preliminary assessment is conducted on the accuracy of setting out the centers of bridge piers by measurements from 3 reference points.

ATTRIBUTE DATA MODELS

Sabin Ivanov — 2025-11-14

The article discusses non-spatial data called attributes. Each geographical object or phenomenon possesses one or more attributes that define it, describe it or represent it. The attribute can be size, density, name, date, or population.

Content of vol. 29, 2025, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-14

Content of vol. 29, 2025, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

International Editorial Board of vol. 29 No. 1 (2025): Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-14

International Editorial Board of vol. 29 No. 1 (2025): Journal Scientific and Applied Research

A MODEL OF PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR DETERMINING THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS THROUGH COLOR PREFERENCES

Valentin Atanasov — 2025-11-14

Determining human behavior in a number of cases is an important, even primary, step that sets specific frameworks and guidelines for planning, constructing, and operating a wide range of structures whose focus is the human being. Based on the widely accepted theory of the Big Five Personality Traits (BFPT) and examining the existing methods used in the procedures of this theory, a set of key indicators could be derived. In the search for a scientifically proven connection between an individual's color preferences and the predefined indicators from the BFPT, a problem arises regarding the use of methods and approaches in these procedures. In most cases, the approaches rely on the use of printed materials, which, first, limit the color spectrum, second, require a significant amount of time for preparing laboratory setups, third, lack a high degree of precision, and fourth, have limited use of mathematical tools when defining color tasks for a given individual.

SOLVING A SPECIFIC PROBLEM WHEN COMMISSIONING AN AUTOMATIC PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM USING SIEMENS SINAMICS V20 FREQUENCY CONVERTER

Tihomir Trifonov — 2025-11-14

This article discusses possible problems during the commissioning of a system for automatic water pressure regulation. The pressure is maintained automatically by changing the speed of rotation of the pump motor. The pump motor, in turn, is controlled by a Siemens Synamics V20 frequency converter. Thanks to a careful analysis of the parameters of the frequency converter and the system as a whole, stable operation without fluctuations has been achieved.

ANALYSIS OF THE PARAMETERS OF SMART MEASURING DEVICES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

Iliyana Ivanova — 2025-11-14

The development of photovoltaic (PV) systems and the need for efficient energy flow management have established smart measuring devices (smart meters and loggers) as key components. They provide bidirectional measurement of energy production and consumption, remote monitoring capabilities and integration with inverters, controllers and cloud platforms. This paper presents a classification of the different device types. Their technical characteristics, communication technologies, accuracy, self-consumption and range of applications are analyzed. The analysis facilitates the selection of suitable solutions tailored to specific needs, ranging from household to industrial applications.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY WITHIN THE SCOPE OF 6G COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Dragomir Vasilev — 2025-11-14

The transition toward sixth-generation (6G) communication networks mark a paradigm shift in wireless technology through the utilization of the terahertz (THz) spectrum, enabling data rates far beyond the capabilities of 5G. However, the move to ultra-high frequencies introduces new challenges for electromagnetic safety. This study examines the physical mechanisms of THz wave interaction with biological tissues, focusing on both thermal and potential non-thermal effects. Due to the shallow penetration depth of THz radiation (≈0.01–1.5 mm), energy absorption is confined to surface layers such as the epidermis and cornea, making localized heating and pain perception key safety determinants. The paper analyzes the main research gaps identified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, 2020) and discusses their implications for the development of 6G safety standards. Furthermore, it highlights the coordinated role of European and global organizations — including the European Commission, ETSI ISG THz, and the World Health Organization (WHO) — in harmonizing exposure guidelines, promoting dosimetric research, and integrating safety-by-design principles into next-generation network architectures. The findings underscore the necessity for precise near-field thermal modeling, real-time exposure monitoring, and dynamic beam management based on AI-driven network control to ensure compliance with future 6G electromagnetic safety regulations.

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE CERTIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS

Desislava Ivanova — 2025-11-14

Blockchain technology has gained significant attention in education due to its potential to improve the verification of diplomas, certificates, and skills. By ensuring decentralization, transparency, and immutability, it offers a secure and efficient alternative to traditional systems that are often slow and vulnerable to fraud. This paper reviews key applications of blockchain in the educational sector, with a focus on credential verification and smart contracts. It also discusses current challenges such as scalability, regulations, and energy consumption. The findings suggest that blockchain can contribute to greater trust, efficiency, and global mobility in education.

REAL-TIME NETWORK TRAFFIC ANALYSIS USING RECURRENT NEURAL MODELS

Daniel Denev — 2025-11-14

With the increasing complexity and dynamics of modern computer networks, there is a need for methods that can provide timely and accurate analysis of network traffic. Traditional techniques for monitoring and anomaly detection are often limited by static rules and the inability to capture complex time dependencies. In this context, recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and in particular their advanced architectures such as LSTM and GRU, appear as promising tools for real-time analysis. This article reviews the application of recurrent neural models for prediction, classification and anomaly detection in network traffic, focusing on architectural features, challenges and potential directions for development.

COGNITIVE AND ETHICAL FAILURES IN AI-BASED SCIENTIFIC REVIEWING

Silviya Nikolova — 2025-11-14

The paper explores the ethical and cognitive implications of using artificial intelligence in the scientific peer-review process. It analyzes a real case of a hastily conducted pseudo-review, revealing inconsistencies and methodological errors that arise when automation replaces human judgment. International publishing standards from IEEE, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Cambridge University Press are examined to highlight the inadmissibility of AI-generated reviews and the importance of human responsibility in scientific evaluation. The study further discusses the educational context of applying AI and CAD software in teaching solid geometry, emphasizing that technology should assist, not replace, human thinking. Based on the observed deficiencies, the article proposes the development of an improved cognitive platform for independent AI-assisted reviewing, supported by expert human oversight to preserve integrity and trust in scientific communication.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODERN VULNERABILITY SYSTEMS AND DATABASES

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-14

This scientific article examines and compares several modern vulnerability management systems and databases, such as CVE, CWE, EUVD, NVD, and OSVDB. The goal is to understand how these resources differ in scope, structure, and interoperability. In the article of the analysis, particular attention is paid to platforms like MITRE’s frameworks, Exploit-DB, and Rapid7-DB, as well as to international initiatives such as Japan’s JVN project. The scientific study also reviews the scoring models they employ, mainly CVSS, and considers alternatives like VEDAS. Overall, the results highlight how each system contributes differently to strengthening cybersecurity practices and how they can complement one another in real-world defense strategies.

HOW GDPR TREATS AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING

Iliana Simeonova — 2025-11-14

This article examines how the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates automated decision-making, including profiling, in the context of personal data processing. It analyzes the main provisions of Article 22 of the Regulation, as well as the conditions under which fully automated decisions that produce legal effects or significantly affect data subjects are permitted. The article highlights the rights of data subjects – the right to human intervention, the right to express their point of view, and the right to contest the decision – along with the responsibilities of data controllers. Practical examples and commentary are included, focusing on the application of these rules in the context of modern technologies such as algorithmic profiling, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN THE FIELD OF CORPORATE SECURITY

Desislava Georgieva — 2025-11-14

Corporate security is a dynamic and comprehensive concept crucial for the protection and stable functioning of business entities, involving measures against both internal and external threats. It is integral to national security, with corporate security subsystems addressing economic, informational, and social components. Effective corporate security requires the collaboration of various internal services and sometimes external agencies, adapting preventive and responsive strategies to safeguard vital interests and ensure sustainable development.

THE THIRD MISSION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Mariela Antonova — 2025-11-14

This article examines the concept, legal framework, and practical implementation of the Third Mission of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Bulgaria — their participation in assisting the civilian population in crisis situations, disasters, and emergencies. It discusses the transformation of the Bulgarian Armed Forces after the end of the Cold War, their integration into NATO and the EU, and the role of civil-military cooperation in national and regional security. The study highlights examples of the Third Mission’s application, such as disaster relief, humanitarian aid, and pandemic response, while outlining the challenges related to resources, training, and coordination with civilian institutions.

NATO AND EU MARITIME MILITARY POLICY

Mariela Antonova — 2025-11-13

This article examines the strategic directions, institutional mechanisms and operational initiatives of the maritime military policy of NATO and the European Union (EU). It analyses the role of the two alliances in ensuring maritime security, protecting trade routes and countering new threats such as piracy, illegal migration and hybrid operations. It presents a comparative study of the concepts, naval capabilities and joint missions of NATO and the EU in the maritime environment.

THE USE OF GIS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL DISASTERS AND CRISIS SITUATIONS

Donika Dimanova — 2025-11-13

The increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters highlight the urgent need for effective tools to support crisis management. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have established themselves as a key platform for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data, providing decision-makers with timely and reliable information. This paper explores the role of GIS in disaster management across all critical phases: prevention, monitoring, response, and recovery. The study emphasizes the integration of real-time data, IoT sensors, and satellite imagery, which enhance early warning systems and improve coordination between institutions. In addition, technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and AR/VR visualization extend the potential of GIS for predictive analytics, training, and rapid response. By examining international best practices and national applications, the paper outlines the challenges and opportunities for developing resilient GIS-based solutions. The findings demonstrate that GIS is not only a technological tool but also a strategic instrument for reducing risks, optimizing resource allocation, and supporting sustainable development in the face of natural disasters.

MICROPLASTS IN FRESHWATER FISH – PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES

Polina Todorova — 2025-11-13

The presence of microplastics in the aquatic environment raises concerns about their abundance and potential hazards to aquatic organisms. This review provides insight into the issue that may be of concern to freshwater fish. Plastic pollution is not limited to marine ecosystems; freshwaters also contain plastic particles, as the majority of them enter the oceans via rivers. Microplastics (MPs) can be ingested by fish and accumulate due to their size and poor biodegradability. Furthermore, they have the potential to enter the food chain and cause health problems. Evidence of MP ingestion has been reported in >150 fish species from both freshwater and marine systems. However, the quantification and toxicity of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems are underestimated, ignored and not reported as often as in marine ecosystems. However, their abundance, impact and toxicity in freshwater biota are no less than in marine ecosystems. The interaction of MPs with freshwater fish, as well as the risk of human consumption, remains a mystery. However, our knowledge of the effects of MPs on freshwater fish is still very limited. This study details the state of the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater fish. This review will add to our understanding of the ecotoxicology of microplastics on freshwater fish and provide further directions for research.

MEDIEVAL JEWELERY TOOLS FROM NORTHEASTERN BULGARIA

Stella Doncheva — 2025-11-13

In 2009, the museum in Shumen received a collection of medieval metalworking tools. Most of them are related to jewelry practice and the production of metal products from precious metals and copper alloys. The collection includes tools of various shapes and practical purposes, including jewelry hammers, pliers, cutters, flutes, drills, punches, etc. The presentation of this rich and diverse collection of iron tools is made with a view to jewelry technology, which requires a strictly defined and specific set of tools to be applied in practice. Some of the tools turn out to be very stable forms, having preserved their character and purpose over time until the late Middle Ages and the modern era. The discovery of many examples from the late periods and modern practice significantly assist in the functional determination of most of the tools found in the production centers in the vicinity of Preslav. The traditions established over time show the conservative spirit in the development and changes of most of the foundry and metalworking practices, perfectly mastered and applied by Bulgarian craftsmen. The fact that even today, modern jewelers observe and follow the basic principles of this craft is indicative. The purpose of some of the tools found during the studies is determined precisely by their long-term use, which dates back to ancient times. If there are any changes, they are insignificant and are mainly expressed in the use of some modern tools and materials in order to facilitate and accelerate the work process, rather than to change it in its essence.

PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES IN FINANCING SOCIAL-PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITIES AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL

Berivan Niyazi — 2025-11-13

This paper examines the significance of social-pedagogical work at the local level as a tool for support, prevention, and social integration of vulnerable groups. Social pedagogues perform a variety of functions that enable them to have a positive impact on the social environment and the quality of life within the community. At the same time, challenges such as limited resources, a shortage of qualified personnel, and the complexity of social problems are identified. The conclusion emphasizes that social-pedagogical work is a key factor in building active, cohesive, and sustainable communities, as well as in promoting equal access to education and social services.

RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS IN ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ENGINEERING LOGISTICS

Yordanka Yankova-Yordanova — 2025-11-13

The rapid advancement of modern science and technology demands that engineering professionals possess not only technical expertise but also the ability to effectively manage the human factor within logistics processes. This article explores the role of ergonomics as a strategic tool in engineering logistics for optimizing workflows, enhancing safety and efficiency, and fostering sustainable models in engineering education. The study examines the interconnection between the physical, cognitive, and organizational dimensions of ergonomics and their impact on logistics activities. It presents practical methods for integrating ergonomic principles into engineering systems through digital technologies such as virtual simulation, artificial intelligence, and the internet of things. Case studies from leading companies, including Siemens, Toyota, and DHL, illustrate the tangible benefits of ergonomic applications in logistics environments. The paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating ergonomics into strategic management and engineering curricula to build interdisciplinary competencies. Ultimately, the integration of ergonomic design with digital transformation offers a pathway toward intelligent, human-centered, and sustainable engineering logistics systems.

THE ROLE OF THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS IN A TRANSPORT LOGISTICS SYSTEMS

Nikolay Nedev — 2025-11-13

This publication defines the scope of inspections of railway facilities and devices, as well as the methods for recording results and taking action to remedy malfunctions. The re-liability of systems in transport logistics is key to the efficiency and safety of processes. It ensures that all components of the system work smoothly and predictably.

INNOVATIVE METHODS FOR INCREASING WAREHOUSE CAPACITY

Andrey Bogdanov — 2025-11-13

Warehouse operations are much more complex than when they appear at first glance. Profiling (partitioning) of products and orders leads to a potential multitude of warehouses inside the warehouse. The paper presents an algorithm for increasing storage capacity in modern warehouses.

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE CONSIDERATION OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL FACILITIES IN VIEW OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL, RISK AND TERRITORIAL CHARACTERISTICS, FOCUSING ON MONITORING AND PREVENTION THROUGH GNSS TECHNOLOGIES

Vesela Petrova — 2025-11-13

This report aims to propose a systematic approach to the examination of engineering facilities, taking into account their functional, risk and territorial characteristics, with a focus on the possibilities for monitoring and prevention through GNSS technologies.

CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF GNSS METHODS AND TOOLS IN THE STUDY OF NATURAL DISASTERS

Vesela Petrova — 2025-11-13

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is an umbrella term that refers to any satellite navigation system with global coverage. GNSS devices and receivers use geolocation information obtained from satellites to determine the current location of an object.

USE OF DRONES FOR SOLAR PANEL INSPECTION IN SOLAR PARKS

Stefan Dobrev — 2025-11-13

The use of drones to inspect solar panels in solar parks has become one of the most effective, efficient, and safe approaches for maintaining and optimizing largescale photovoltaic (PV) installations.

STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF SPECIALIZED MAPS AND REGISTERS

Mirem E. Niyazi-Yusuf — 2025-11-12

The article examines the content and main components of specialized maps and registers as part of the cadastre system in the Republic of Bulgaria. It presents their key structural elements, thematic content, and the interrelation between maps and registers. Emphasis is placed on their role in territorial management, spatial planning, and the maintenance of up-to-date spatial information.

DIRECTIONS FOR DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Velichka Peneva — 2025-11-12

Applications of digital imaging include a wide variety of fields, and advances in image processing allow for the generation of three-dimensional reconstructions, object detection, and analysis, providing new possibilities for image visualization and recognition.

INTERPOLATION OF RASTER SURFACES (GRID INTERPOLATION).THE KRIGING METHOD

Sabin Ivanov — 2025-11-12

Interpolation is a process that determines the unknown z-values of pixels in raster (GRID) form, of a system of points, or in vector (TIN) form of a limited number of points with known data about them. It is used to determine the unknown values at any geographical point of: altitude, precipitation, chemical concentrations, noise level, etc.

Content of vol. 28, 2025, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-12

Content of vol. 28, 2025, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

International Editorial Board of vol. 28 No. 1 (2025): Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-11

International Editorial Board of vol. 28 No. 1 (2025): Journal Scientific and Applied Research

MIGRATION SECURITY AS A COMPONENT OF CORPORATE SECURITY

Tsvetelina Metodieva — 2024-11-13

A new element has been added to the components of corporate security - migration security. The proposed new author's terms for our scientific community - "migration security" will facilitate future research in the field of the impact of migration processes on the security of regions and business organizations.

ANALYSIS OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SPEKTRUM OF A PARAMETRIC MICROWAVE CONVERTER

Dragomir Vasilev — 2024-11-13

In this scientific paper, we have considered a method for determining the complex reflection coefficient based on spectral analysis of the output voltage of a parametric microwave converter.

REVEALING ANOMALIES BY NETWORK PACKET FLOODING ON BUILT FTP AND OPENSSH SERVERS IN CONTROLLED LAB ENVIRONMENT

Petar Boyanov — 2024-11-13

This scientific paper investigates the effects of network packet flooding on FTP (port 21) and SSH (port 22) protocols, aiming to reveal and document anomalies in server behavior under high-load conditions. By simulating packet flooding in a controlled lab environment, an analysis on vulnerabilities and anomalies unique to each protocol is conducted in order to the improve defensive capabilities. The results provide guidance on best practices to secure FTP and OpenSSH services against malicious traffic, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, supporting wider network security strategies.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HASH FUNCTIONS MD5, SHA-1, AND SHA-256 USING VARIOUS SOFTWARE TOOLS TO VERIFY THE INTEGRITY OF FILES

Petar Boyanov — 2024-11-13

In this scientific paper hash functions such as MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256 are widely utilized in the field of cryptography to verify file integrity, confirming that files remain unaltered and free from corruption. The practical application of the hash functions MD5, SHA-1, AND SHA-256 through five widely used software tools: 7z, PowerShell, BullZip MD5 Calculator, HashCalc and CrypTool 1.4.40 is made. The analysis focuses on each tool's effectiveness in calculating and comparing hash values, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses in ensuring data integrity. By investigating the functionality and applications of each tool, this scientific study provides important perspectives on the practical significance of MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256 for maintaining the authenticity and reliability of digital files.