JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH

INTEGRATION OF GNSS AND LASER SCANNING FOR IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF LARGE-SCALE GEODETIC MAPS

Nigyar Yankova — 2025-11-15

This paper examines the integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as an effective approach to enhance both the accuracy and spatial detail of geodetic measurements. The principles of each technology are presented, along with the advantages of their combined application in georeferencing, 3D modeling, and large-scale mapping.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CADASTRAL AND SPECIALIZED MAPS AND REGISTERS

Andrey Ivanov — 2025-11-15

The article examines the main principles and approaches in the creation of specialized maps and registers. It highlights their role as tools for spatial analysis, planning, and management. The main stages of work are presented – from data collection and standardization to visualization and maintenance. Emphasis is placed on a systematic and standardized approach that ensures the accuracy, reliability, and interoperability of the data.

ERRORS WHEN USING TELESCOPIC SURVEY STAFF IN GEOMETRIC LEVELING

Ivan Ivanov — 2025-11-15

Geometric leveling is the most accurate method of determining the difference between two points used in surveying. By using calibrated equipment and applying the correct measurement methodology, accuracy can be achieved to a hundredth of a millimeter for individual measurement or to 0.2mm/km for double-run leveling. The equipment consists of a precision level (usually digital) and a surveying staff, which is often considered as auxiliary equipment, but in reality the surveying staff is no less important than the level itself [1]. Given the wear and tear and depreciation of the equipment, it should be periodically checked and, if necessary, calibrated. The results of the calibration allow correction of the raw data, and can also serve as a preliminary assessment and forecast of the achieved results.

DETERMINATION OF THE ANGULAR ACCURACY WHEN SETTING OUT THE CENTERS OF BRIDGE PIERS

Ani Stefanova — 2025-11-14

The article determines the angular accuracy when setting out the centers of bridge piers, based on a designed geodetic network where the location of the points on the shores is established to ensure the required setting out accuracy of all piers. Theoretical conclusions are carried out under the assumption that setting out of the piers is performed directly by linear-angular measurements from 2 reference points. Strict preliminary assessment is conducted on the accuracy of setting out the centers of bridge piers by measurements from 3 reference points.

PRESENT TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EARTH DEFORMATIONS USING DINSAR AND GNSS

Vesela Petrova — 2025-11-15

One of the significant problems facing Earth sciences is the quantitative description and analysis of the dynamics of the Earth's surface. A key requirement in solving this fundamental question is the precise determination of the displacements and deformations caused by various geodynamic processes of natural or anthropogenic origin.

In recent decades, Earth observation has become widely used in disaster risk management – including preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. Its role in disaster response is particularly valuable, as it provides critical information for researchers and decision-makers.

Earth observation is the collection of data about the planet through remote sensing technologies, which are often complemented by ground-based surveys. This approach has fundamentally changed the way we perceive the world, enabling timely and accurate mapping and monitoring of phenomena on a large scale.

An established method for continuous monitoring of earth deformations is the use of data from active radar remote sensing. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides information that serves as the basis for the construction of interferometric images (IFIs) by quantifying the displacements of the Earth's surface within a specified time interval using the technique of differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) by analysing the phase differences between radar images taken at different times.

SPECIALIZED MAPS AND REGISTERS – GENERAL APPROACHES TO THEIR CREATION

Mirem Niyazi-Yusuf — 2025-11-15

ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES FROM THE GLOBAL GEOPOTENTIAL MODELS EGM 2008 AND EIGEN- 6C4 WITH AVAILABLE GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN AN EXTREMELY MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF THE TERRITORY OF SOUTHWEST BULGARIA - RILA MOUNTAIN

Krasimira Kirilova — 2025-11-15

The subject of the study is the analysis of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and its comparison by comparing the Bouguer anomaly values from the global geopotential models (GGMs) EGM 2008 and EIGEN-6C4 with data from interpolated values of 46,121 points for the Rila Mountain region, in which GNSS/leveling measurements have been carried out. The Bouguer anomaly map gives a good idea of the subsurface density [7]. In mountainous areas, topographic effects completely dominate local variations in the gravity field, so it is necessary to introduce local topographic reductions to remove this dependence on height.

STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL IMAGES

Velichka Peneva — 2025-11-15

Digital imaging is a key part of modern technology, finding application in almost every sphere of human activity – from medicine and science to the arts and communications. This technological process is part of the broader evolution of digitalization, which is going through significant stages of development based on innovations in computing technologies and optoelectronic systems.

ATTRIBUTE DATA MODELS

Sabin Ivanov — 2025-11-14

The article discusses non-spatial data called attributes. Each geographical object or phenomenon possesses one or more attributes that define it, describe it or represent it. The attribute can be size, density, name, date, or population.

MODEL ARCHITECTURE AND PERSPECTIVES OF FEDERATED LEARNING FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BULGARIA

Desislava Ivanova — 2025-11-16

This paper presents a review of the application of Federated Learning (FL) in sustainable agriculture, with a specific focus on its potential integration within the Bulgarian agricultural sector. FL is a decentralized machine learning technology that enables multiple data sources to collaboratively train models without sharing raw data, thus preserving privacy and improving data security. The approach supports optimization of irrigation, fertilization, and pest control through locally adapted models and predictive analytics. The study analyzes the architecture, advantages, and limitations of FL, reviewing international case studies and exploring its relevance to Bulgarian conditions, such as regional climate variability and diverse soil types. Emphasis is placed on the potential role of FL in enhancing decision-making, reducing environmental impact, and supporting digital transformation in agriculture. Recommendations for implementation in Bulgarian farms and research institutions are also provided.

EXPLAINING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION IN AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Desislava Ivanova — 2025-11-16

This paper provides a systematic review of approaches for integrating Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into educational Automated Information Systems (AIS). It categorizes XAI methods into post-hoc explanations, inherently interpretable models, hybrid approaches, and calibration/visualization techniques, analyzing their strengths, limitations, and applicability for tasks such as learner dropout prediction, early warning, and personalized mentoring. Practical examples illustrate the benefits and challenges of XAI adoption, including the trade-off between accuracy and interpretability, technical barriers, and privacy concerns. Future directions include role-adaptive explanations, visual and interactive interfaces, and standardized quality metrics for educational contexts.

A COMPREHENSIVE METHODOLOGY FOR NETWORK ASSET IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-16

This article presents a structured methodology for network asset discovery and mapping, combining both passive and active reconnaissance techniques. The framework strategically employs specialized tools, such as p0f for passive OS fingerprinting and Netdiscovery for initial host enumeration, to build a foundational network map while minimizing the risk of triggering alerts. Deeper information gathering is performed using the Dmitry toolkit, and Amap is applied for advanced service and application protocol detection on identified ports. The methodology is further enhanced through Etherape, which provides real-time visualization of network traffic, allowing correlation between observed flows and actively collected data. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of this integrated approach, showing a more complete and accurate network asset inventory compared to traditional, non-integrated tool usage.

EVALUATION OF FORECASTING METHODS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF ACCURACY AND COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Iliyana Ivanova — 2025-11-16

Forecasting photovoltaic (PV) production is an essential component for the successful integration of renewable energy into electricity grids. In this paper, four main groups of methods are evaluated: statistical, physical, machine learning-based, and hybrid. An analysis is made in terms of accuracy, computational complexity and applicability using an evaluation scale. The results show that hybrid models appear particularly promising, as they combine the main strengths of the other approaches.

INDUSTRY 4.0+ AND THE FACTORYOF THE FUTURE: TOWARD INTELLIGENT, FLEXIBLE, AND SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING

Dragomir Vasilev — 2025-11-16

The continuous evolution of industrial systems marks the transition from conventional automation toward intelligent, adaptive, and networked manufacturing ecosystems, collectively known as Industry 4.0. This transformation integrates cyber-physical systems (CPS), artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to create highly flexible, efficient, and responsive production environments. With the rapid advancement of 5G and the emerging 6G communication technologies, a new phase of industrial development—Industry 4.0+—is envisioned. This next-generation paradigm emphasizes ultra-low latency, machine-to-machine communication, predictive maintenance, and collaborative automation, enabling a fully connected and self-optimizing industrial environment. The paper explores the technological foundations, core principles, and practical implications of Industry 4.0+, focusing on wireless communication, motion control, AI-driven robotics, sustainability, and collective automation in the factory of the future.

BYPASSING DEFENSES THROUGH HUMAN MANIPULATION USING REVERSE TCP CONNECTIONS AND CUSTOM PAYLOADS

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-16

This article explores a sophisticated cyberattack method that bypasses technical defenses by targeting human psychology. Instead of attacking systems directly, this approach uses the Social Engineering Toolkit (SET) to create convincing deceptive campaigns that persuade users to inadvertently initiate the attack themselves. A key technical element involves generating a custom Meterpreter payload, which is programmed to establish a Reverse TCP connection. This creates a stealthy command and control channel by having the compromised system "call back" to an attacker-controlled server, granting remote access. Our work demonstrates how this powerful fusion of human manipulation and technical execution poses a significant threat that often evades conventional, technology-focused security measures.

DEVELOPMENT OF A COLOR PIXEL PROCESSING ALGORITHM FOR THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS SELF-EVALUATION MODEL

Valentin Atanasov — 2025-11-16

A series of studies establishes the foundation for the development of algorithms, the potential application of which will facilitate the practical implementation of a model based on the Big Five Personality Traits (BFPT). The creation of algorithmic code would provide a programming toolkit applicable across various domains of human activity, specifically for the expert evaluation of individual behavior. The proposed algorithm is grounded in classification based on color ranges (and by extension, personality types), implemented through programmatically defined coded logic. The fundamental steps of the algorithm's logic are outlined. For each personality trait — Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism — a set of reference HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) colors is redefined.

International Editorial Board of vol. 29 No. 1 (2025): Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-14

International Editorial Board of vol. 29 No. 1 (2025): Journal Scientific and Applied Research

CHALLENGES AND MEASURES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE SECURITY AT THE LOCAL LEVEL DURING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN CURRENCY UNIT (EURO) IN BULGARIA

Iliana Simeonova — 2025-11-16

The topic of administrative security at the local level during the introduction of the euro in Bulgaria examines the main challenges and measures that local authorities need to undertake for the successful integration of the new currency in the country. With the transition to the euro, Bulgaria will need to ensure not only technical and logistical readiness but also efficient administrative processes that guarantee the security of the financial system. In this context, potential risks such as inflation, uncontrolled price increases, and public dissatisfaction, as well as social barriers related to the population's adaptation to the new currency, are analyzed. Undertaking serious measures for training public employees, adapting information technologies, and ensuring transparency in financial operations will be crucial to overcoming these challenges. Additionally, it is important for local authorities to coordinate their actions with the private sector and financial institutions to ensure a smooth transition to the euro. The strategies and practices implemented at the local level will determine the success of the overall process and strengthen the country's economic stability in the long term.

NATO'S ROLE IN A NON-MILITARY CRISIS

Mariela Antonova — 2025-11-16

The article analyzes NATO's role in managing non-military crises, emphasizing its adaptation to modern security challenges such as pandemics, natural disasters, and cyber threats. It outlines the strategic framework of NATO’s crisis management, its cooperation with the EU and the UN, and its increasing involvement in humanitarian and civil protection operations. The study argues that NATO’s approach reflects a transformation from a traditional defense alliance to a multidimensional security actor focused on resilience and stability.

CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED SECURITY MANAGEMENT MODELS: ORGANIZATIONAL CHOICE AND STRATEGIC APPLICABILITY

Tsvetelina Metodieva — 2025-11-16

This study examines the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of centralized, decentralized, and hybrid security management models in contemporary organizations. Based on a comparative analysis and an organizational maturity-based approach, a framework for strategic model selection is proposed. The study highlights the importance of adaptability and integration between central control and local responsibility, especially in the context of modern cyber threats, globalization, and regulatory requirements [1,2].

CHALLENGES, EMERGING TRENDS, AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME GIS

Donika Dimanova — 2025-11-16

The paper examines the challenges, emerging trends, and future prospects for the development of real-time Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The first part analyzes the key challenges associated with the implementation and maintenance of such systems, including technical and infrastructural issues, data security and privacy, and the integration of heterogeneous data sources. The second part emphasizes future trends, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the advancement of 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud technologies, predictive analytics, as well as the expanded application of real-time GIS across various sectors, including healthcare, urban planning, energy, and agriculture. The main objective of the study is to outline the key directions for the development of real-time GIS and to highlight their importance for effective resource management, infrastructure oversight, and risk assessment in contemporary society.

CHALLENGES FACING MODERN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 4.0

Mariela Antonova — 2025-11-16

The article explores the challenges and opportunities facing modern mechanical engineering applications in the era of Industry 4.0. It analyzes the integration of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and additive manufacturing into the traditional production environment. Emphasis is placed on digital transformation, automation, and smart factory concepts, which redefine design, production, and maintenance processes. The paper also addresses human and organizational challenges, such as workforce upskilling, digital culture, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The discussion concludes with an outlook on Industry 5.0, focusing on human-centered innovation and sustainable manufacturing.

NEW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Nikolay Yordanov — 2025-11-15

This text explores the nature, applications, and challenges of new digital technologies as a key driver of transformation in the modern economy and society.

The first chapter defines the concept of “digital technologies” and presents the main technological domains-artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, cloud computing, blockchain, and digital twins. Their core characteristics, such as scalability, network effects, and data-driven models, are highlighted.

The second chapter analyzes the application of digital technologies across different sectors-services, healthcare, and education-showing how they stimulate innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. The discussion also covers the broader socio-economic effects, including changes in the labor market and skills, digital inequality, and the digitalization of public services.

The third chapter outlines the main challenges of digital transformation: technological integration, lack of standardized frameworks, digital divides, and ethical and security concerns. Future research directions are identified, focusing on multi-level analysis, sustainability, measurement and methodological development, and the inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises and developing economies.

THE ROLE OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Anton Antonov — 2025-11-15

Reverse logistics is emerging as a key mechanism for implementing a circular economy and sustainable agriculture in the face of economic, social, and environmental challenges in the agricultural sector. This report analyzes the conceptual foundations of reverse logistics, its specifics, and its application in sustainable agriculture.

SYSTEM FOR SHIFT OPTIMIZATION THROUGH COGNITIVE FATIGUE: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Yordanka Yankova-Yordanova — 2025-11-15

This paper presents an innovative system for workforce scheduling and optimization that integrates quantitative analysis of operators’ cognitive fatigue. Traditional scheduling models focus on staff availability and minimum task coverage while neglecting the dynamic nature of the human factor [12]. The proposed method utilizes data from behavioral and biometric sensors, combined with machine learning algorithms, to predict the onset of critical cognitive fatigue. This enables proactive and dynamic redistribution of tasks and breaks to minimize human error, enhance safety [3], and maintain consistently high productivity levels. Simulation study results demonstrate a significant reduction in error risk compared to standard rotational schedules.

BASIC STANDARD ELEMENTS IN LOGISTICS

Andrey Bogdanov — 2025-11-15

The paper examines the relationship between standardization and logistics, through the application of the most - widely used methods for transporting goods by means of different transportation. It also deals with the issues of securing cargo, grippers for loading - unloading work and storage systems as parts of the logistic system.

Content of vol. 29, 2025, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

Petar Boyanov — 2025-11-14

Content of vol. 29, 2025, Journal Scientific and Applied Research

AN INNOVATIVE MODEL FOR FORMING FINANCIAL LITERACY

Denitsa Zagorcheva-Koycheva — 2025-11-16

This scientific article presents an innovative model for the formation of financial literacy. The model is based on cognitive development, focusing on the contact environment with which children/individuals of different age groups interact. The model presents the understanding of money as a personal value, which should be formed in the relevant age range. Financial literacy, through upbringing and training, should be built on the basis of the cognitive development and mental capabilities of children and adults.