ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY WITHIN THE SCOPE OF 6G COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Abstract

The transition toward sixth-generation (6G) communication networks mark a paradigm shift in wireless technology through the utilization of the terahertz (THz) spectrum, enabling data rates far beyond the capabilities of 5G. However, the move to ultra-high frequencies introduces new challenges for electromagnetic safety. This study examines the physical mechanisms of THz wave interaction with biological tissues, focusing on both thermal and potential non-thermal effects. Due to the shallow penetration depth of THz radiation (≈0.01–1.5 mm), energy absorption is confined to surface layers such as the epidermis and cornea, making localized heating and pain perception key safety determinants. The paper analyzes the main research gaps identified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, 2020) and discusses their implications for the development of 6G safety standards. Furthermore, it highlights the coordinated role of European and global organizations — including the European Commission, ETSI ISG THz, and the World Health Organization (WHO) — in harmonizing exposure guidelines, promoting dosimetric research, and integrating safety-by-design principles into next-generation network architectures. The findings underscore the necessity for precise near-field thermal modeling, real-time exposure monitoring, and dynamic beam management based on AI-driven network control to ensure compliance with future 6G electromagnetic safety regulations.